Mandate Letter Tracker: Delivering results for Canadians
Renew Canada's commitment to United Nations peace operations.
Actions taken, progress made
Result anticipated:
Canadian efforts enhance peace and security, protect human rights, promote stability, and help those most in need around the world.
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The government’s new approach to peace support operations was announced by the Prime Minister at the UN Peacekeeping conference in November 2017. Canada is taking a leadership role in:
The Vancouver Principles, which are focused on preventing the recruitment and use of child soldiers in the context of UN peacekeeping operations. As of June 2019, 89 countries have endorsed the principles. Canada is helping to strengthen the capacity of the African Union, as well as military and police forces in Somalia and the DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo, to protect children in conflict situations. Canada has pledged $1.25 million through UNICEF to provide training, to help improve policies and procedures, and to deploy two Child Protection Advisors to the African Union's peacekeeping mission in Somalia.
The Elsie Initiative for Women in Peace Operations, a pilot project that is developing and testing innovative approaches to increase the meaningful participation of uniformed women in UN peace operations. As of March 2019, Canada has provided $15 million to the UN to establish the Elsie Initiative Fund for Uniformed Women in Peace Operations, which will deliver financial assistance and incentives primarily to troop- and police-contributing countries. $7.7 million has been provided to the UN's Department of Peace Operations and select UN missions to support the creation of receptive environments for women peacekeepers. Further, bilateral technical assistance and training partnerships have been established with Ghana and Zambia. Canada is providing financial contributions to a barrier assessment process to be undertaken by the Ghana Armed Forces and Zambia Police Service that will provide robust and actionable data as the foundation of Canada's partnerships.
A range of Smart Pledges and military capabilities aimed at leveraging Canadian expertise, contributing high-end capabilities to UN peace support operations, and supporting broader UN reform efforts. In keeping with this approach, the Canadian Armed Forces’ Air Task Force to the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) was deployed in August 2018. Canada will begin its gradual departure at the end of July with operations limited to medical evacuation tasks until August 31, 2019. Negotiations with the UN to deliver on Canada’s next pledge — the provision of tactical airlift support — are at an advanced stage.
Minister Sajjan Reaffirms Peace Operations Pledge at UN Defence Ministerial
News Release
September 8, 2016 – London, UK – National Defence / Canadian Armed Forces
Defence Minister Harjit S. Sajjan today highlighted Canada’s renewed commitment to international peace support operations, including Canada’s intention to host a major United Nations conference on peacekeeping in 2017.
The Minister was attending the 2016 UN Peacekeeping Defence Ministerial in London, where he also reaffirmed that Canada stands ready to deploy up to 600 Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) personnel for future UN peace operations. The date and Canadian site for the 2017 conference will be announced later.
Canada remains committed to building a more peaceful and prosperous world. Its increased support to UN peace operations is centred on a whole-of-government approach, combining diplomacy, deployment, training, and capacity-building—and includes conflict prevention, mediation, peace operations, and peacebuilding efforts.
While in London, Minister Sajjan also met with his counterparts from Australia, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, as well as UN officials, to discuss common defence, security, and peace support operation priorities.
Quick Facts
The exact size and composition of any future CAF deployment to a UN mission will be based on discussions with the UN and Canada’s partner nations, as well as an assessment of where Canada can best make a meaningful impact.
On August 26, 2016, the Honourable Stéphane Dion, Minister of Foreign Affairs, announced the launch of Global Affairs Canada’s new Peace and Stabilization Operations Program (PSOPs). Canada is devoting $450 million to PSOPs. The new funding will help better protect civilians, including the most vulnerable groups, such as displaced persons, refugees, women and children.
The 2016 UN Peacekeeping Defence Ministerial focused on the implementation of pledges and improving peacekeeping in the areas of Women, Peace and Security; Tackling Sexual Exploitation and Abuse; Rapid Deployment; and Pre- and Post-Deployment.
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“Canada is committed to leading international efforts in peace support operations. That’s why we’re here today, pledging our support and reaffirming our commitment to the United Nations. We want to ensure the dialogue continues next year, so we have committed to host the next UN Peacekeeping Defence Ministerial in 2017.
“Conflicts today are more complex than ever before and we’re serious about being part of the solution—that’s the reason we’re bringing our resources and skills to the table. I’m confident that our unique whole-of-government approach will make tangible contributions to peace support operations around the world.”
Vancouver Principles on Peacekeeping and the Prevention of the Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers
November 15, 2017 Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada is committed to ensuring that all children are safe from harm and have every opportunity to grow and learn. The Vancouver Principles on Peacekeeping and the Prevention of the Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers represent an important step forward in the international community’s determination to save children from the scourge of war.
A comprehensive set of pledges, the Vancouver Principles include political commitments by Member States to enhance the training, planning, and conduct of their own forces as they relate to the recruitment and use of child soldiers. Building upon the existing framework on child protection – most notably the Paris Principles – the Vancouver Principles take a practical approach to ending child soldiers, specifically with regard to identifying warning signs and taking early action to end recruitment.
The Vancouver Principles also promote the reporting of abuses and grave violations against children in armed conflict, call for the inclusion of child protection expertise in peacekeeping operations, and highlight the need for proper psychological support for peacekeepers who have faced child soldiers.
Scope of the problem
There are an estimated 245 million children living in countries and territories affected by armed conflicts worldwide. Conflict disproportionately affects children and there has been an alarming increase in violations against children in situations of armed conflict, including killing, maiming, recruiting and using children, sexual violence, unlawful attacks against schools or hospitals, denial of humanitarian access, and abduction.
Among those affected, thousands of children – both boys and girls – are serving as soldiers in situations of armed conflict, as fighters, cooks, porters, messengers, spies, or for sexual purposes. Many have been recruited by force, though some may have joined as a result of economic, social, or security pressures. Displacement and poverty make children even more vulnerable to recruitment. This is a growing problem that requires urgent attention and action.
Canadian efforts
Canada continues to be recognized as a leading advocate for children affected by armed conflict. We hosted the first International Conference on War-Affected Children in 2000, and established and continue to chair the Group of Friends on Children and Armed Conflict at the UN in New York. The Canadian Armed Forces worked on the world’s first Child Soldiers doctrine, and Canada also funds a number of child protection initiatives, including projects in Colombia, South Sudan, and West and Central African countries. With today’s announcement, Canada continues the fight to bring safety and justice to the thousands and thousands of vulnerable children across the world.
As of November 15, 2017, the following countries have endorsed the Vancouver Principles:
Canada launched the Elsie Initiative for Women in Peace Operations at the 2017 UN Peacekeeping Defence Ministerial in Vancouver. The Elsie Initiative is an innovative, multilateral pilot project that is developing and testing a combination of approaches to help overcome barriers and increase the meaningful participation of uniformed women in UN peace operations, with a focus on police and military roles. The Elsie Initiative comprises a number of components, including bilateral partnerships, a global fund, political advocacy, efforts to create more receptive mission environments, and significant research, monitoring and evaluation.
No one country has all the solutions needed to address the complexities of gender inequality in UN peace operations. Canada is working with partners across the UN system, member states, think tanks and civil society to identify effective ways to increase the meaningful participation of women in peace operations. The Elsie Initiative is an opportunity for Canada and its partners to create transformational change, and a more inclusive and effective future for peace operations, where missions are better prepared to deliver on their mandates and to support enduring peace around the world.
"Canada is a proud founding member of the UN, and will continue to engage partners from around the world to achieve global security and prosperity. We have renewed our longstanding commitment to UN peacekeeping, and have taken a leadership role to meet the changing nature of conflict and peacebuilding, including through innovative approaches such as the Elsie Initiative for Women in Peace Operations."
— Rt. Hon. Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada
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Working to increase women’s meaningful participation
Increasing the meaningful participation of women in UN peace operations is both the right and smart thing to do. There are currently over 83,000 military and police peacekeepers serving in UN missions, with women making up less than 7% of uniformed personnel.
Canada launched the Elsie Initiative to collaborate with and support the UN and the international community to seek transformational, sustainable and comprehensive change to advance the meaningful participation of uniformed women police and military peacekeepers, and to create peacekeeping missions that better reflect the populations they serve.
Despite numerous calls for change in past decades, progress has been slow. Since October 2015, the overall percentage of women military and police peacekeepers has only increased from 4.2% to 6.4%, and barriers and biases remain in place that reduce women’s ability to meaningfully participate in UN peace operations. In the context of UN peace operations, the UN and the international community have struggled most to improve the representation of women in military and police roles; for this reason, the Elsie Initiative is mandated and designed to help create change in this specific area.
Canada’s work aligns closely with the UN’s efforts. In January 2019, the UN Department of Peace Operations released its Uniformed Gender Parity Strategy, which sets annual targets for the participation of women in uniformed roles (including 15% in military contingents and 20% in Formed Police Units by 2028), and identifies priority actions to create more receptive environments for all peacekeepers. These goals complement the Secretary-General’s System-Wide Strategy on Gender Parity and Security Council Resolution 1325.
"Investing in women in peace operations is more important now than ever before. In these challenging times, we see the benefits of diversity within the personnel who make up UN peace operations, as this is a key factor in making them more effective and situationally aware."
- The Honourable François-Philippe Champagne, Minister of Foreign Affairs
How the Elsie Initiative defines ‘meaningful participation’
Meaningful participation is demonstrated by the presence and leadership of women in UN peace operations, across all ranks and functions. Women are able to participate meaningfully when they contribute to, and are included in, all aspects of operational and mission planning, and decision-making processes; when they hold operational command and leadership positions, and non-traditional as well as non-stereotypical roles; when they have access to the same training, promotion and career advancement opportunities as their colleagues who are men; when they hold positions that are in line with their training, rank and area of expertise; and when their workplace is free from all forms of harassment, bullying and intimidation.
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Components of the Elsie Initiative
Canada’s leadership of the Elsie Initiative comprises the following key activities:
Implementing bilateral technical assistance and training partnerships with the Ghana Armed Forces and Zambia Police Service, to identify best practises for other troop and police contributing countries, and test solutions to overcome barriers. This component is led by Global Affairs Canada, with collaboration and support from the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Armed Forces, Public Safety Canada and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Establishing the Elsie Initiative Fund for Uniformed Women in Peace Operations, which was designed by member states, the UN system and peacekeeping experts to incentivise the increased deployment of uniformed women in military and police roles to UN peace operations. The Elsie Initiative Fund is managed by UN Women, and has been established for an initial five-year period (2019-2024). Canada is the largest donor, and co-chairs the Fund’s Steering Committee with UN Women.
Creating a publicly accessible and comprehensive barrier assessment methodology for military and police organizations worldwide. The Measuring Opportunities for Women in Peace Operations (MOWIP) methodology, developed by the Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance (DCAF) and Cornell University, identifies the presence or absence of universal and context-specific barriers to women’s full integration in a military or police organization, and their access to deployment opportunities in UN peace operations.
Providing assistance to select UN organizations and missions to support the creation of more receptive UN mission environments for all peacekeepers, including physical, social and cultural aspects.
Building political momentum for change, including through the work of a Contact Group of like-minded countries.
Contributing to the development of effective, evidence-based policy and programmatic approaches and interventions around the world, including within the United Nations.
Conducting research, monitoring and evaluation of the Initiative’s activities to gather evidence on which approaches are effective in sustainably increasing women’s meaningful participation in UN peace operations.
Through these components, the Elsie Initiative seeks to help answer the following key questions, and provide decision makers with the necessary evidence base for sustainable and transformational change:
What approaches are effective in the troop and police-contributing context to address barriers and create greater opportunities for uniformed women personnel?
How do financial incentives impact the meaningful participation of uniformed women in UN peace operations?
What constitutes a receptive environment for uniformed women serving in UN mission environments?
How do women peacekeepers enhance the operational effectiveness of peace operations?
How can UN deployment processes provide more equitable opportunities for uniformed women?
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Bilateral partner countries
Canada is implementing bilateral technical assistance and training partnerships with the governments of Ghana and Zambia, specifically the Ghana Armed Forces and Zambia Police Service. Both institutions have had significant success in the area of gender equality in UN peace operations, and thus are well positioned to partner with Canada to share best practices, and develop and test innovative approaches to increase women’s meaningful participation in uniformed military and police roles.
Canada is also supporting Senegal to implement its Armed Forces’ Gender Integration Strategy (2012-2022), beginning with an audit of progress achieved to date. Senegal has a clear plan to increase the representation of women in its military and gendarmerie, as well as in peacekeeping missions.
"Women peacekeepers are role models, and their presence gives a sense of comfort to the vulnerable and the affected, especially women in conflict and crisis situations."
- Shirley Ayorkor Botchway, Ghana’s Minister of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration
"We come with the proud record of a government that has steadily laid the groundwork for equitable female representation in peacekeeping."
- Joseph Malanji, Zambia’s Foreign Affairs Minister
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Elsie Initiative Fund for Uniformed Women in Peace Operations
In March 2019, UN Women, alongside the UN Executive Office of the Secretary-General, the UN Department of Peace Operations and the UN Development Programme’s Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office, announced the launch of the Elsie Initiative Fund for Uniformed Women in Peace Operations. Canada has contributed a total of $17.5 million to the Fund. Other donor countries include: Australia, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom.
Canada and UN Women serve as the co-chairs of the Fund’s Steering Committee.
The Elsie Initiative Fund is designed to use collective resources to increase the meaningful participation of uniformed women in UN peace operations, with a focus on police and military roles. It allows countries that contribute troops and police, as well as UN organizations, to access flexible funding to support the deployment of trained and qualified uniformed women, with a focus on substantially increasing the representation of women overall and in positions of authority. There are three funding streams available through the Fund:
Flexible project funding: Allows troop and police-contributing countries and UN bodies to access financial assistance to support evidence-based activities and the deployment of trained and qualified uniformed women in police and military roles.
Premiums for gender-strong units: Financial premiums for troop and police-contributing countries for the deployment of gender-strong units, which may serve as an incentive to rapidly, responsibly and sustainably increase the meaningful deployment of women to UN peace operations. A gender-strong unit is defined as a military unit or Formed Police Unit that includes a substantial representation of women overall and in positions of authority, has provided gender-equity training to all unit members, and has adequate equipment and other materiel to ensure parity of deployment conditions for women and men peacekeepers.
Barrier assessments: Funding for troop and police-contributing countries to conduct assessments of the barriers limiting the meaningful participation of uniformed women within military and police institutions. Countries must undergo a barrier assessment in order to receive flexible project funding through the Elsie Initiative Fund.
"As the Secretariat of the Elsie Initiative Fund, UN Women is committed to creating an enabling environment that allows and encourages uniformed women to serve in peace operations. The funds provided by Canada and other Member States will help to boost the number of women participating in decisions and actions relating to their own security, and that of their communities, and ensure that women’s unique perspective is included, whether they are in the field or at the peace table."
– UN Women Executive Director Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka
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Contact Group countries
The Elsie Initiative is supported by a Contact Group of like-minded countries that have demonstrated a commitment to women’s meaningful participation in UN peace operations. This small and diverse group meets regularly to provide practical support to the Elsie Initiative throughout the design and implementation process.
Argentina
Canada
France
Ghana
The Netherlands
Norway
Senegal
South Africa
South Korea
Sweden
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Zambia
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Support to ongoing efforts
As part of the Elsie Initiative, the Canadian Armed Forces will undergo the same barrier assessment as Ghana and Zambia, with the goal of identifying areas for improvement and to further increase the recruitment and advancement of women’s participation.
Canada has provided $5.4 million in assistance to the UN Department of Peace Operations and Department of Operational Support to improve the ability to support and benefit from women’s increased participation in peace operations. This funding is being used by the UN to create improved gender-responsive guidelines for UN camp accommodation, support the implementation of the UN’s Uniformed Gender Parity Strategy, deliver specialized training for women personnel and increase the capacity of gender advisers deployed to UN peace operations.
In November 2018, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands hosted a workshop entitled Research to Action to help inform the design of key Elsie Initiative components on the basis of research to date, including the Elsie Initiative Baseline Study.
In August 2019, Canada supported the Ghana Armed Forces to hold a workshop that promoted and raised awareness of the Elsie Initiative across the military.
The Elsie Initiative has been featured at the following events:
The Cairo International Center for Conflict Resolution, Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding regional conference on Enhancing the Performance of Peacekeeping Operations in Cairo, Egypt (November 2018)
The United Nations Peacekeeping Ministerial Preparatory Meeting on Women, Peace and Security in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (January 2019)
The 74th United Nations General Assembly in New York City, United States of America (September 2019)
The Dakar International Forum on Peace and Security in Africa in Dakar, Senegal (November 2019)
The Focal Points Network regional workshop on Women, Peace and Security in Montevideo, Uruguay (December 2019)
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Who was Elsie MacGill
Elizabeth “Elsie” Muriel Gregory MacGill was born on March 27, 1905, in Vancouver, British Columbia. At the University of Toronto, Elsie was the first woman graduate of electrical engineering (1927) and was also the first woman to earn her master’s degree in aeronautical engineering (1929). In 1938, Elsie became chief aeronautical engineer of Canada Car and Foundry (CC&F), where she headed the Canadian production of Hawker Hurricane fighter planes during the Second World War. After her work at CC&F, Elsie ran a successful consulting business, and from 1967 to 1970, she was a commissioner on the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada. In 1971, Elsie MacGill was awarded the Order of Canada.
"I have received many engineering awards, but I hope I will also be remembered as an advocate for the rights of women and children."
- Elizabeth “Elsie” Muriel Gregory MacGill
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Contact information
For more information contact the Elsie Initiative.
Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Canadian contributions to United Nations peace support operations
November 15, 2017 Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada is a strong supporter of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping and will continue to play an important role by contributing high-end capabilities and specialized training.
Today’s peacekeeping environment is more complex than ever before, and Canada firmly believes we need to do peacekeeping differently. That’s why we are focused on improving the effectiveness of UN missions, increasing the proportion of women deployed overseas, and empowering women in all aspects of peace and security.
This approach is reinforced in Canada’s Defence Policy – Strong, Secure, Engaged – which emphasizes that the Canadian Armed Forces are prepared to make valuable contributions to UN peace operations.
Military capabilities
Canada is actively engaged with the UN and pledging a range of specialized military capabilities that are in high demand for UN peace operations. In August 2016, Canada pledged up to 600 Canadian Armed Forces personnel for possible deployment to UN peace operations.
The Canadian Armed Forces will make the following military capabilities available to support this pledge:
Tactical airlift support for up to 12 months to help the UN address critical gaps around being able to transport troops, equipment, supplies, and food to support ongoing missions and the rapid deployment of UN forces;
An Aviation Task Force of medium utility and armed helicopters for up to 12 months; and
A Quick Reaction Force that includes approximately 200 personnel and accompanying equipment.
Canada has also made a new pledge to develop and implement innovative training for peace operations. The Canadian Armed Forces will help enhance the overall effectiveness of UN operations, including through support for the Elsie Initiative for Women in Peace Operations.
Training support will include:
A new Canadian Training and Advisory Team to work with a partner nation before – and importantly, during – a deployment to enhance the partner nation’s contribution to a given mission; and
Activities to meet UN needs in various training centres and schools, as well as contributions to mobile training teams.
Peace and Stabilization Operations Program
Through the Peace and Stabilization Operations Program, Canada is investing $24 million in new projects to modernize and enhance peace operations, better prevent and address conflict, and build sustainable peace. Our support is designed to advance gender equality and women’s empowerment.
This funding will support a range of projects, including:
Training for UN senior mission leaders
Training for military, policy and civilian peacekeepers on human rights, protecting civilians and human rights, and international conflict resolution
Pre-deployment training and mentoring for peacekeepers deployed from African contributing countries
Support for the implementation of the peace agreement in Mali
Training and community outreach in northern Lebanon to promote peace and stability
Support for increase safety and security in Palestinian communities
Support for the development of a strategy to prevent renewed violence and extremism in Iraq
The “Smart Pledge” approach
Canada is promoting the “Smart Pledge” approach when contributing to peace support operations in order to provide the UN with the predictability it needs to more effectively plan its operations and training. “Smart Pledges” encourage better coordination of contributions to peacekeeping missions from partner countries, helping to eliminate critical gaps and ensuring that contributions can be deployed on a rotating basis.
We are currently in talks with the UN and potential host countries to identify locations where Canada’s military capabilities can bring the most value to UN peace support operations.
As an initial step, Canada is exploring the option of contributing tactical airlift capability to the UN’s Regional Support Centre in Entebbe, Uganda. This regional support centre plays an important role in supporting approximately 80,000 military and police personnel as well as thousands of civilian staff on peace support operations across the African continent. Canada’s contribution will help improve the United Nation’s ability to respond to crises more quickly and more efficiently. Canadian Armed Forces personnel will also be on standby to provide tactical airlift to UN-led and UN-sanctioned peace missions.
Operation PRESENCE is the Canadian Armed Forces’ (CAF) contribution to the Government of Canada’s peace operations strategy. This includes the commitment of high-value military capabilities to various United Nations peacekeeping missions.
The Tactical Airlift Detachment consists of one CC-130J Hercules aircraft, operated and supported by up to 27 CAF members. It deploys for multiple episodes several times per year to assist with transporting troops, equipment and supplies to the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) and the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS).
How many people are deployed?
The number of deployed personnel varies depending on the requirements of the mission.
Canada traditionally has been a strong supporter of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping. On November 15, 2017, Canada pledged high-end military capabilities in support of UN Peace Support Operations, including making available an Aviation Task Force and tactical airlift support for possible deployment on UN peace operations.
What are they doing?
The CAF is supporting UN needs to sustain its missions with the CAF delivering critical resources to military and police personnel as well as civilian staff on peace support operations in multiple locations across the African continent.
Since August 2019, the CAF has deployed a Tactical Airlift Detachment on an episodic basis to Entebbe, Uganda to assist the UN’s Regional Support Centre in the sustainment of ongoing UN operations. In doing so, the CAF has played an important role in helping to supply approximately 80,000 military and police personnel as well as thousands of civilian staff on peace support operations across the African continent with critical resources.
In July 2020, the CAF received the authority to extend by 12 months its episodic support to United Nations Peacekeeping operations in Africa for a second year under Operation PRESENCE (Uganda).
While deployed on Operation PRESENCE - Uganda, a Tactical Airlift Detachment operates from Entebbe, Uganda, to transport personnel, equipment and supplies on behalf of the UN to sustain ongoing missions in the region. This capability will be provided to the UN for multiple episodes for the coming year.
The Canadian Tactical Airlift Detachment is comprised of:
a CC-130J Hercules aircraft
Approximately 25 personnel.*
*This includes crew and support staff, to assist in the sustainment of several ongoing UN operations from the UN’s Regional Support Centre in Entebbe, Uganda.
Over the past year, the Tactical Airlift Detachment has flown eight serials. The first seven serials have transported nearly 500 personnel and more than 475,000 lbs. of cargo with over 150 hours of flight time combined. The transports included:
water treatment equipment, an X-ray machine, UN vehicles, an ambulance, aircraft parts, and medical supplies in support of UNMISS and MONUSCO
troop rotations for MONUSCO, consisting of Pakistani, Tanzanian, and Moroccan military
